Bhutan’s National Digital Identity has been migrated to the Ethereum blockchain, enabling verifiable credentials and decentralized identifiers so citizens can cryptographically prove attributes like age or residency without centralized databases. The full migration is expected to complete by early 2026.
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Bhutan anchors national digital ID on Ethereum for verifiable, population-scale credentials
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Migration preserves self-sovereign identity principles while raising privacy and permanence concerns
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Bhutan holds ~6,370 BTC (~$725M) and 656 ETH (~$2.73M) as part of a wider national blockchain strategy (Arkham)
Bhutan digital identity on Ethereum: national ID migration enables verifiable credentials and user-controlled data. Read how privacy, reserves, and adoption are being managed.
What is Bhutan’s digital identity on Ethereum?
Bhutan’s digital identity on Ethereum is the National Digital Identity (NDI) platform anchored to the public Ethereum network to issue verifiable credentials and link decentralized identifiers to Ethereum validators. The system allows citizens to cryptographically prove attributes such as age, residency, or citizenship without relying on centralized record stores. The migration is set to finish by early 2026.
How does the Ethereum integration work and what standards are used?
The NDI uses W3C identity standards to format verifiable credentials and decentralized identifiers (DIDs). Credentials are issued by authorized entities and anchored to Ethereum’s validator network so that proofs can be verified cryptographically. Initial testing used Input Output Global (IOG) technologies in 2023; the live population-scale deployment now relies on public Ethereum infrastructure while preserving off-chain storage for sensitive data. Official program partners include Druk Holding & Investments, the Ethereum Foundation, and Input Output Global, referenced here as plain text sources.
Frequently Asked Questions
How will citizens prove identity without exposing private data?
Bhutan’s NDI issues cryptographic proofs and selective disclosure credentials that reveal only the necessary attribute (for example, “over 18”) rather than full identity records. The platform combines on-chain anchors for verification with off-chain storage and privacy-preserving protocols to limit public exposure of personal data, per statements from project stakeholders.
Why did Bhutan choose Ethereum over other networks?
Bhutan cited Ethereum’s open architecture, large validator ecosystem, and established tooling for verifiable credentials as factors. Public statements from the Ethereum community emphasize openness and interoperability. Bhutan’s prior experimentation with W3C standards and IOG-enabled tests informed the decision to migrate at scale.
Context and expert perspectives
Bhutan’s national digital identity is part of a broader government strategy that includes Bitcoin mining, digital asset management, and crypto payments adoption. The country has publicly disclosed holdings and program details via official channels and industry analytics: Arkham reports ~6,370 BTC (~$725 million) and 656 ETH (~$2.73 million). These figures place Bhutan among the largest national Bitcoin holders by volume, slightly above El Salvador’s reported holdings.
In public commentary, Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, framed the move as empowering citizens through decentralized identity, describing the shift to “open architecture on Ethereum” as aligned with open-source, public-good objectives. Kirill Avery, founder and CEO of Alien, cautioned that placing identifiers on a public chain can increase auditability but may risk privacy and permanence unless robust privacy safeguards are enforced. These quotes are included as attributed expert perspectives in plain text.
Key Takeaways
- National-scale deployment: Bhutan is the first country to anchor a population-scale NDI to a public chain, signaling a new phase in government blockchain adoption.
- Privacy vs. verifiability: On-chain anchors improve verification and auditability but require strong off-chain privacy controls and selective disclosure mechanisms.
- Strategic reserves and payments: Bhutan’s blockchain strategy includes state-held Bitcoin and Ethereum, and pilot integrations for crypto payments in tourism to modernize services.
Conclusion
The migration of Bhutan’s National Digital Identity to Ethereum marks a significant, measured step toward decentralized, verifiable identity at national scale. Combining W3C standards, off-chain privacy controls, and public-chain anchors aims to give citizens cryptographic control over personal attributes while demanding careful governance to prevent permanence-driven surveillance. COINOTAG will continue to monitor developments and publish updates as the migration progresses; stakeholders should assess privacy designs and interoperability as the program completes by early 2026.
Published: 2025-10-14. Updated: 2025-10-14. Author/Organization: COINOTAG.
